Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

encouraged progress

  • 1 содействовать прогрессу

    1. promote progress
    2. promoting progress

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > содействовать прогрессу

  • 2 содействовать

    1. promote
    2. assist
    3. encourage
    4. encouraging

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > содействовать

  • 3 cólera

    f.
    1 anger, rage, dudgeon, ire.
    2 cholera.
    * * *
    1 (bilis) bile
    2 figurado (ira) anger, rage
    ————————
    1 MEDICINA cholera
    * * *
    1. noun f. 2. noun m.
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=ira) anger, rage
    2) (Anat) bile
    2.
    SM (Med) cholera
    * * *
    I
    masculino cholera
    II
    femenino rage, anger
    * * *
    = anger, wrath, cholera, spleen, bile, rage.
    Ex. The young librarian was not accustomed to seeing the head of reference red-faced with mute anger or the head of technical services mumbling uncontrollably to himself.
    Ex. There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.
    Ex. However, there has been progress: newer university and divisional libraries have been established, and research libraries, such as the cholera Research Laboratory are small in number but impressive.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Shamans, software, and spleens: law and the construction of the information society'.
    Ex. It would merely give him the opportunity to pour out his bile.
    Ex. Librarians would find their jobs a lot easier if they were relieved of the responsibility of being all things to all people, and should encouraged to accept their own human fallibility and express their rage, frustration, and fears.
    ----
    * arrebato de cólera = angry outburst, fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de cólera = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataques de cólera = flaming.
    * desahogar + Posesivo + cólera = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on).
    * montarse en cólera = throw + a tantrum, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, spit + feathers, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * * *
    I
    masculino cholera
    II
    femenino rage, anger
    * * *
    = anger, wrath, cholera, spleen, bile, rage.

    Ex: The young librarian was not accustomed to seeing the head of reference red-faced with mute anger or the head of technical services mumbling uncontrollably to himself.

    Ex: There is an element of scepticism about scholarly writing in the field of librarianship, and an element of fear of the wrath of those at the head of the profession.
    Ex: However, there has been progress: newer university and divisional libraries have been established, and research libraries, such as the cholera Research Laboratory are small in number but impressive.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Shamans, software, and spleens: law and the construction of the information society'.
    Ex: It would merely give him the opportunity to pour out his bile.
    Ex: Librarians would find their jobs a lot easier if they were relieved of the responsibility of being all things to all people, and should encouraged to accept their own human fallibility and express their rage, frustration, and fears.
    * arrebato de cólera = angry outburst, fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de cólera = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataques de cólera = flaming.
    * desahogar + Posesivo + cólera = vent + Posesivo + spleen (on).
    * montarse en cólera = throw + a tantrum, throw + a fit, throw + a hissy fit, spit + feathers, lose + Posesivo + temper.

    * * *
    cholera
    rage, anger
    descargó su cólera en la pobre criada she vented her anger o rage on the poor maid
    al oírlo, montó en cólera he was enraged o he became furious o he flew into a rage when he heard it
    * * *

    cólera sustantivo masculino
    cholera
    ■ sustantivo femenino
    rage, anger
    cólera
    I sustantivo femenino anger, rage
    II sustantivo masculino Med cholera
    ' cólera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abate
    - dominar
    - explosión
    English:
    abate
    - burst
    - cholera
    - fly
    - rage
    - restrain
    - wrath
    - ire
    - strike
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    [enfermedad] cholera
    ♦ nf
    [ira] anger, rage;
    descargar la cólera en alguien to vent one's anger on sb;
    montar en cólera to get angry, to fly into a temper o rage;
    dejarse llevar por la cólera to lose one's temper
    * * *
    I f anger;
    montar en cólera get in a rage
    II m MED cholera
    * * *
    : cholera
    furia, ira: anger, rage
    * * *
    cólera n anger / rage

    Spanish-English dictionary > cólera

  • 4 práctico

    adj.
    1 practical, no-nonsense, down-to-earth, matter-of-fact.
    2 practical, handy, helpful, useful.
    m.
    1 coast pilot.
    2 practitioner.
    * * *
    1 (gen) practical
    2 (hábil) skilful (US skillful)
    3 (pragmático) practical
    1 MARÍTIMO pilot
    ————————
    1 MARÍTIMO pilot
    * * *
    (f. - práctica)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=útil) [gen] practical; [herramienta] handy; [ropa] sensible, practical

    resulta práctico vivir tan cerca de la fábrica — it's convenient o handy to live so close to the factory

    2) (=no teórico) [estudio, formación] practical
    3) (=pragmático)

    sé práctico y búscate un trabajo que dé dinero — be practical o sensible and find a job with money

    4) frm (=experto)

    ser muy práctico en algo — to be very skilled at sth, be an expert at sth

    2. SM
    1) (Náut) pilot ( in a port)
    2) (Med) practitioner
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <envase/cuchillo> useful, handy; <falda/diseño> practical

    es muy práctico tener el coche para hacer la compra — it's very handy o convenient having the car to do the shopping

    2) ( no teórico) practical
    3) < persona> [SER] ( desenvuelto) practical
    II
    masculino y femenino (Náut) pilot
    * * *
    = workable, hands-on, practical, utilitarian, instrumental, working, down-to-earth, practice-oriented, hardheaded [hard-headed], serviceable, how-to, experiential, practically minded, worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.], matter-of-fact.
    Ex. The type of environment in which the principles of pre-coordination are workable are restricted by the acceptable bulk or length of index headings.
    Ex. As an aid to evaluation, hands-on practical work is rarely cost effective, even in undertaken by inexperienced staff.
    Ex. Yet, in its own way, the press was taking the lead in putting pressure on the Community to adopt a more practical outlook, and by so doing kept the subject alive in the minds of the public.
    Ex. Descriptive bibliography has long been acknowledged as one primary field of bibliographical activity and greeted especially warmly by those who wish to see a strictly utilitarian end for these studies.
    Ex. There are five types of 'gratification', instrumental, prestige, reinforcement, aesthetic and respite, to be derived from the reading of literature.
    Ex. As they grow up, children have to develop an identity and a working philosophy of life.
    Ex. The report gives a down-to-earth account of the way in which membership of the European Community has materially affected major British industries.
    Ex. This paper describes a computerised index of the articles contained in 6 practice-oriented medical periodicals.
    Ex. Managers should be encouraged to raise critical questions, and the criteria for evaluating progress must be as hardheaded as possible.
    Ex. He provided us with this very serviceable definition: 'Bibliographical control is the development and maintenance of a system of adequate recording of all forms of material published and unpublished, printed, audio-visual or otherwise, which add to the sum of human knowledge and information'.
    Ex. In addition, adult education in general has moved from an emphasis on the liberal arts to a concentration on practical, 'how-to' courses.
    Ex. This necessitates the sharing of experiential knowledge at various levels and in various forms.
    Ex. He is practically minded, not taking unnecessary risks or deliberately hurting his victims if nothing is to be gained.
    Ex. There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.
    Ex. The videotape of the interviews showed the offender to be impassive and matter-of-fact in describing what he had done.
    ----
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * basado en un método práctico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * caso práctico = case.
    * casos prácticos = best practices.
    * consejo práctico = tip.
    * con una mente práctica = practically minded.
    * cuestión práctica = practicality.
    * de un modo práctico = practically.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise.
    * escritor de casos prácticos = case writer [case-writer].
    * examen práctico = practical examination.
    * experiencia práctica = field experience, hands on experience, practical experience.
    * guía práctica = working guide.
    * información práctica = practical information.
    * poco práctico = impractical, awkward.
    * razón práctica = practical reason.
    * supuesto práctico = case.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <envase/cuchillo> useful, handy; <falda/diseño> practical

    es muy práctico tener el coche para hacer la compra — it's very handy o convenient having the car to do the shopping

    2) ( no teórico) practical
    3) < persona> [SER] ( desenvuelto) practical
    II
    masculino y femenino (Náut) pilot
    * * *
    = workable, hands-on, practical, utilitarian, instrumental, working, down-to-earth, practice-oriented, hardheaded [hard-headed], serviceable, how-to, experiential, practically minded, worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.], matter-of-fact.

    Ex: The type of environment in which the principles of pre-coordination are workable are restricted by the acceptable bulk or length of index headings.

    Ex: As an aid to evaluation, hands-on practical work is rarely cost effective, even in undertaken by inexperienced staff.
    Ex: Yet, in its own way, the press was taking the lead in putting pressure on the Community to adopt a more practical outlook, and by so doing kept the subject alive in the minds of the public.
    Ex: Descriptive bibliography has long been acknowledged as one primary field of bibliographical activity and greeted especially warmly by those who wish to see a strictly utilitarian end for these studies.
    Ex: There are five types of 'gratification', instrumental, prestige, reinforcement, aesthetic and respite, to be derived from the reading of literature.
    Ex: As they grow up, children have to develop an identity and a working philosophy of life.
    Ex: The report gives a down-to-earth account of the way in which membership of the European Community has materially affected major British industries.
    Ex: This paper describes a computerised index of the articles contained in 6 practice-oriented medical periodicals.
    Ex: Managers should be encouraged to raise critical questions, and the criteria for evaluating progress must be as hardheaded as possible.
    Ex: He provided us with this very serviceable definition: 'Bibliographical control is the development and maintenance of a system of adequate recording of all forms of material published and unpublished, printed, audio-visual or otherwise, which add to the sum of human knowledge and information'.
    Ex: In addition, adult education in general has moved from an emphasis on the liberal arts to a concentration on practical, 'how-to' courses.
    Ex: This necessitates the sharing of experiential knowledge at various levels and in various forms.
    Ex: He is practically minded, not taking unnecessary risks or deliberately hurting his victims if nothing is to be gained.
    Ex: There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.
    Ex: The videotape of the interviews showed the offender to be impassive and matter-of-fact in describing what he had done.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * basado en un método práctico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * caso práctico = case.
    * casos prácticos = best practices.
    * consejo práctico = tip.
    * con una mente práctica = practically minded.
    * cuestión práctica = practicality.
    * de un modo práctico = practically.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise.
    * escritor de casos prácticos = case writer [case-writer].
    * examen práctico = practical examination.
    * experiencia práctica = field experience, hands on experience, practical experience.
    * guía práctica = working guide.
    * información práctica = practical information.
    * poco práctico = impractical, awkward.
    * razón práctica = practical reason.
    * supuesto práctico = case.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.

    * * *
    práctico1 -ca
    A ‹envase/cuchillo› useful, handy; ‹falda/bolso› practical
    es un diseño muy práctico it's a very practical design
    regalémosle algo práctico let's give her something useful o practical
    es muy práctico tener el coche para hacer las compras it's very handy o convenient having the car to do the shopping
    B (no teórico) practical
    C ‹persona›
    1 [ SER] (desenvuelto) practical
    tiene gran sentido práctico she's very practically minded
    2 ( RPl) [ ESTAR] (experimentado) experienced
    cuando estés más práctica, te presto el auto when you're more experienced o when you've had more practice, I'll lend you the car
    ( Náut) pilot
    * * *

     

    Del verbo practicar: ( conjugate practicar)

    practico es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    practicó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    practicar    
    práctico
    practicar ( conjugate practicar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹idioma/pieza musical› to practice( conjugate practice);

    ‹ tenis› to play;

    no practica ningún deporte he doesn't play o do any sport(s)
    b) ‹ profesión› to practice( conjugate practice)

    2 (frml) (llevar a cabo, realizar) ‹corte/incisión› to make;
    ‹autopsia/operación› to perform, do;
    ‹redada/actividad› to carry out;
    ‹ detenciones› to make
    verbo intransitivo ( repetir) to practice( conjugate practice);
    ( ejercer) to practice( conjugate practice)
    práctico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    1 ‹envase/cuchillo› useful, handy;
    ‹falda/diseño› practical;
    ◊ es muy práctico tener el coche para hacer la compra it's very handy o convenient having the car to do the shopping

    2 ( no teórico) practical
    3 ‹ persona› [SER] ( desenvuelto) practical
    practicar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una profesión) to practise, US practice
    2 (una actividad) to play, practise: deberías practicar el tenis más a menudo, you should play tennis more regularly
    3 (una operación, etc) to carry out, do, perform: tuvieron que practicarle una autopsia, they had to perform a post mortem on him
    4 Rel to practise
    II verbo intransitivo to practise: si quieres hablar bien el inglés, debes practicar más, if you want to speak good English, you must practise more ➣ Ver nota en practise
    práctico,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (un objeto) handy, useful
    2 (una persona, disciplina) practical
    II m Náut pilot
    ' práctico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ejercicio
    - práctica
    - realista
    - útil
    - utilitaria
    - utilitario
    - aplicación
    English:
    convenient
    - down-to-earth
    - exercise
    - handy
    - impractical
    - inconvenient
    - inconveniently
    - matter-of-fact
    - practical
    - practicality
    - sandwich course
    - sensible
    - serviceable
    - skilled
    - starry-eyed
    - tip
    - useful
    - down
    - hand
    - hard
    - matter
    - pilot
    - practically
    * * *
    práctico1, -a adj
    1. [objeto, situación] practical;
    [útil] handy, useful;
    un regalo práctico a practical gift;
    es muy práctico vivir cerca del centro it's very handy o convenient living near the centre
    2. [curso, conocimientos] practical;
    un curso práctico de fotografía a practical photography course;
    estudiaremos varios casos prácticos we will study a number of practical examples
    3. [persona] [pragmático] practical;
    es una persona muy práctica she's a very practical o pragmatic person
    4. [casi]
    la práctica desaparición de la variedad silvestre the virtual extinction of the wild variety
    5. RP [persona] [experimentado]
    estar práctico to be experienced, to have experience
    Náut pilot
    * * *
    I adj practical
    II m MAR pilot
    * * *
    práctico, -ca adj
    : practical, useful
    * * *
    1. (en general) practical
    2. (útil) handy [comp. handier; superl. handiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > práctico

  • 5 realista

    adj.
    1 realistic.
    2 royalist.
    f. & m.
    1 realist (art).
    2 royalist.
    * * *
    1 (de la monarquía) royalist
    ————————
    1 (de la realidad) realistic
    1 (de la realidad) realist
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo ( pragmático) realistic; (Art, Lit, Fil) realist
    II
    masculino y femenino realist
    * * *
    = realistic, down-to-earth, realist, hardheaded [hard-headed], worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.].
    Ex. Figure 166 on page 152 shows the outline of a realistic holdings pyramid.
    Ex. The report gives a down-to-earth account of the way in which membership of the European Community has materially affected major British industries.
    Ex. This is the life for us, this is the critique -- and only this -- which will make us a profession of realists and not fugitives.
    Ex. Managers should be encouraged to raise critical questions, and the criteria for evaluating progress must be as hardheaded as possible.
    Ex. There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.
    ----
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * poco realista = unrealistic, unwordly, way out in left field, airy-fairy.
    * seamos realistas = face it, let's face it.
    * ser realista = get real.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo ( pragmático) realistic; (Art, Lit, Fil) realist
    II
    masculino y femenino realist
    * * *
    = realistic, down-to-earth, realist, hardheaded [hard-headed], worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.].

    Ex: Figure 166 on page 152 shows the outline of a realistic holdings pyramid.

    Ex: The report gives a down-to-earth account of the way in which membership of the European Community has materially affected major British industries.
    Ex: This is the life for us, this is the critique -- and only this -- which will make us a profession of realists and not fugitives.
    Ex: Managers should be encouraged to raise critical questions, and the criteria for evaluating progress must be as hardheaded as possible.
    Ex: There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * poco realista = unrealistic, unwordly, way out in left field, airy-fairy.
    * seamos realistas = face it, let's face it.
    * ser realista = get real.

    * * *
    A
    1 (pragmático) ‹persona/actitud› realistic
    2 ( Art, Fil, Lit) realist
    B (monárquico) royalist
    A
    2 ( Art, Lit) realist
    3 ( Fil) realist
    B (monárquico) royalist
    * * *

    realista adjetivo ( pragmático) realistic;
    (Art, Lit, Fil) realist
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    realist
    realista
    I adjetivo
    1 (con sentido práctico) realistic: él es un soñador, pero su novia es más realista, he's a romantic but his girlfriend is more down-to-earth
    2 Arte realist
    el arte realista del siglo XIX, nineteenth-century realist art
    II mf realist
    ' realista' also found in these entries:
    English:
    down-to-earth
    - hard-headed
    - lifelike
    - matter-of-fact
    - realistic
    - realistically
    - true
    - unrealistic
    - unrealistically
    - authentic
    - down
    - hard
    - realist
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [pragmático] realistic
    2. [en arte, literatura] realist
    3. Hist [monárquico] royalist
    4. Filosofía realist
    ♦ nmf
    1. [pragmático] realist
    2. [en arte, literatura] realist
    3. Hist [monárquico] royalist
    4. Filosofía realist
    * * *
    I adj realistic
    II m/f realist
    * * *
    1) : realistic
    2) : realist
    3) : royalist
    1) : realist
    2) : royalist
    * * *
    realista adj realistic

    Spanish-English dictionary > realista

  • 6 Afonso V, King

    (r. 1446-1481)
       Born in 1432, the son of King D. Duarte I and D. Leonor of Aragon, Afonso was only six years old when his father died suddenly and a succession crisis and consequent civil strife began. His mother fled into exile in Castile, where she died in 1445. He attained his majority in 1446. In the 1450s, King Afonso presided over more Portuguese expansion in Morocco by the capture of more Moroccan cities, but progress down the western African coast was delayed by the king's intervention in Iberian royal politics in Castile. His ambitions in Spain were thwarted after his loss of the battle of Toro to Castilian forces in 1476. In the 1470s, the king encouraged Portuguese exploration, trade, and colonization in western Africa, including settlement in the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Bight of Biafra. The king died in 1481, and as a member of the Aviz dynasty, he became known in the history of Portugal as "O Africano" ("the African") and had one of the longest reigns in Portuguese history.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Afonso V, King

  • 7 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

    (1939-)
       Leading figure in post-1974 Portugal, Social Democrat leader, prime minister (1985-95), president of the Republic since 2006. Born in the Algarve in 1939, Cavaco Silva was educated in Faro and Lisbon and, in 1964, obtained a degree in finance at the University of Lisbon. Like many of the younger leaders of post-1974 Portugal, Cavaco Silva underwent an important part of his professional training abroad; in December 1973, he received a doctorate in economics from York University, Great Britain. He entered academic life as an economics and finance professor in 1974 and taught until he entered politics full-time in 1980, when he was named minister of finance in the sixth constitutional government of Social Democratic Party (PSD) leader and prime minister Sá Carneiro. He was elected a PSD deputy to the Republican Assembly in October 1980. Following the general legislative elections of October 1985, Cavaco Silva was named prime minister of the 10th constitutional government. His party, the PSD, strengthened its hold on the legislature yet again in the 1987 election when, for the first time since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal was ruled by a party with a clear majority of seats in the legislature.
       Cavaco Silva, who has emphasized a strong free-enterprise and denationalization policy in the framework of economic rejuvenation, served as prime minister (1985-95) and, in the elections of 1987 and 1991, his party won a clear majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic (more than 50 percent), which encouraged stability and economic progress in postrevolutionary Portugal. In the 1995 general elections, the Socialist Party (PS) defeated the PSD; he ran for the presidency of the republic in 1995 and lost to Jorge Sampaio. Cavaco Silva retired briefly from politics to teach at the Catholic University. In October 2005, he announced his return to politics and became a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. On 22 January 2006, he received 50.5 percent of the vote and was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

  • 8 group technology

    Ops
    the practice of gathering operations and resources for the manufacture of specific components or products into groups or cells with the goal of simplifying manufacturing operations. Group technology is an attempt to take advantage of the benefits of both batch production and flow production. Similar tasks or products are identified and are grouped into families. This requires a robust coding or classification scheme. The manufacturing resources, including workers, for each family are then grouped together into cells. The sense of ownership encouraged by such organization has resulted in benefits including improved quality, productivity, and motivation of employees, as well as reductions in work in progress, inventory, and materials movement.

    The ultimate business dictionary > group technology

  • 9 Bewick, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. August 1753 Cherryburn House, Ovingham, Northumberland, England
    d. 8 November 1828 Gateshead, England
    [br]
    English perfecter of wood-engraving.
    [br]
    The son of a farmer, Bewick was educated locally, but his progress was unremarkable save for demonstrating an intense love of nature and of drawing. In 1767 he was apprenticed to Ralph Beilby, an engraver in Newcastle. Wood-engraving at that time was at a low ebb, restricted largely to crude decorative devices, and Hogarth, commenting on a recent book on the art, doubted whether it would ever recover. Beilby's business was of a miscellaneous character, but Bewick's interest in wood-engraving was noticed and encouraged: Beilby submitted several of his engravings to the Royal Society of Arts, which awarded a premium of £80 for them. His apprenticeship ended in 1774 and he went to London, where he readily found employment with several printers. The call of the north was too strong, however, and two years later he returned to Newcastle, entering into partnership with Beilby. With the publication of Select Fables in 1784, Bewick really showed both his expertise in the art of wood-engraving as a medium for book illustration and his talents as an artist. His engravings for the History of British Birds mark the high point of his achievement. The second volume of this work appeared in 1804, the year in which his partnership with Beilby was dissolved.
    The essential feature of Bewick's wood-engravings involved cutting across the grain of the wood instead of along it, as in the old woodcut technique. The wood surface thus obtained offered a much more sensitive medium for engraving than before. It paved the way for the flowering of engraving on wood, and then on steel, for the production of illustrated material for an ever wider public through the Victorian age.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1864, Memoir of Thomas Bewick (autobiography, completed by his daughter). 1784, Select Fables.
    Further Reading
    M.Weekley, 1963, Thomas Bewick, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bewick, Thomas

  • 10 Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore

    [br]
    b. 1765 France
    d. 5 July 1833 Chalon, France
    [br]
    French inventor who was the first to produce permanent photographic images with the aid of a camera.
    [br]
    Coming from a prosperous family, Niepce was educated in a Catholic seminary and destined for the priesthood. The French Revolution intervened and Niepce became an officer in an infantry regiment. An attack of typhoid fever in Italy ended his military career, and he returned to France and was married. Returning to his paternal home in Chalon in 1801, he joined with his brother Claude to construct an ingenious engine called the pyréolophore, which they patented in 1807. The French Government also encouraged the brothers in their attempts to produce large quantities of indigo-blue dye from wood, a venture that was ultimately unsuccessful.
    Nicéphore began to experiment with lithography, which led him to take an interest in the properties of light-sensitive materials. He pursued this interest after Claude moved to Paris in 1816 and is reported to have made negative images in a camera obscura using paper soaked in silver chloride. Niepce went on to experiment with bitumen of judea, a substance that hardened on exposure to light. In 1822, using bitumen of judea on glass, he produced a heliograph from an engraving. The first images from nature may have been made as early as 1824, but the world's earliest surviving photographic image was made in 1826. A view of the courtyard of Niepce's home in Chalon was captured on a pewter plate coated with bitumen of judea; an exposure of several hours was required, the softer parts of the bitumen being dissolved away by a solvent to reveal the image.
    In 1827 he took examples of his work to London where he met Francis Bauer, Secretary of the Royal Society. Nothing came of this meeting, but on returning to France Niepce continued his work and in 1829 entered into a formal partnership with L.J.M. Daguerre with a view to developing their mutual interest in capturing images formed by the camera obscura. However, the partnership made only limited progress and was terminated by Niepce's death in 1833. It was another six years before the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes was made.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1973. Joseph Nicéphore Niepce lettres 1816–7, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.
    1974, Joseph Nicéphore Niepce correspondences 1825–1829, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore

  • 11 Pretsch, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1808 Vienna, Austria
    d. 1873 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian printer and inventor of photogalvanography, one of the earliest commercial photomechanical printing processes.
    [br]
    The son of a goldsmith, Pretsch learned the printing trade in Vienna, where he worked until 1831. He then took up a series of posts in Germany, Belgium and Holland before returning to Vienna, where in 1842 he joined the Imperial State Printing Office. The office was equipped with a photographic studio, and Pretsch was encouraged to explore applications of photography to printing and the graphic arts. In 1851 he was sent to London to take responsibility for the Austrian printing exhibits of the Great Exhibition. This event proved to be a significant international show case for photography and Pretsch saw a great number of recent innovations and made many useful contacts. On returning to Vienna, he began to develop a process for producing printing plates from photographs. Using Talbot's discovery that bichromated gelatine swells in water after exposure to light, he electrotyped the relief image obtained. In 1854 Pretsch resigned from his post in Vienna and travelled back to London, where he patented his process, calling it photogalvanography. He went on to form a business, the Photo-Galvano-Graphic Company, to print and market his pictures.
    The Photographic Manager of the company was the celebrated photographer Roger Fenton, recently returned from his exploits on the battlefields of the Crimea. In 1856 the company issued a large serial work, Photographic Art Treasures, illustrated with Pretsch's pictures, which created considerable interest. The venture did not prove a commercial success, however, and although further plates were made and issued, Fenton found other interests to pursue and Pretsch was left to try to apply some of his ideas to lithography. This too had no successful outcome, and in 1863 Pretsch returned to Vienna. He was reappointed to a post at the Imperial State Printing Office, but his health failed and he made no further progress with his processes.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    9 November 1854, British patent no. 2,373. 11 August 1855, British patent no. 1,824.
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York.
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London. H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (an account of the relationship with Talbot's process).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Pretsch, Paul

  • 12 Watson, George Lennox

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1851 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 12 November 1904 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish designer of some of the world's largest sailing and powered yachts, principal technical adviser to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.
    [br]
    Almost all of Watson's life was spent in or around the City of Glasgow; his formal education was at the city's High School and at the age of 16 he entered the yard and drawing offices of Robert Napier's Govan Shipyard. Three years later he crossed the River Clyde and started work in the design office of the Pointhouse Shipyard of A. \& J.Inglis, and there received the necessary grounding of a naval architect. Dr John Inglis, the Principal of the firm, encouraged Watson, ensured that he was involved in advanced design work and allowed him to build a yacht in a corner of the shipyard in his spare time.
    At the early age of 22 Watson set up as a naval architect with his own company, which is still in existence 120 years later. In 1875, assisted by two carpenters, Watson built the 5-ton yacht Vril to his own design. This vessel was the first with an integral heavy lead keel and its success ensured that design contracts flowed to him for new yachts for the Clyde and elsewhere. His enthusiasm and increasing skill were recognized and soon he was working on the ultimate: the America's Cup challengers Thistle, Valkyrie II, Valkyrie III and Shamrock II. The greatest accolade was the contract for the design of the J Class yacht Britannia, built by D. \& W.Henderson of Glasgow in 1893 for the Prince of Wales.
    The company of G.L.Watson became the world's leading designer of steam yachts, and it was usual for it to offer a full design service as well as supervise construction in any part of the world. Watson took a deep interest in the work of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and was its technical consultant for many years. One of his designs, the Watson Lifeboat, was a stalwart in its fleet for many years. In public life he lectured, took an active part in the debates on yacht racing and was recognized as Britain's leading designer.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1881, Progress in Yachting and Yacht-Building, Glasgow Naval and Marine Engineering Catalogue, London and Glasgow: Collins.
    1894, The Evolution of the Modern Racing Yacht, Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes, Vol. 1, London: Longmans Green, pp. 54–109.
    Further Reading
    John Irving, 1937, The King's Britannia. The Story of a Great Ship, London: Seeley Service.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Watson, George Lennox

См. также в других словарях:

  • Progress (philosophy) — Historical progress has been a main object of philosophy of history. However, in particular following the Holocaust, the idea and possibility of social progress, which was a main idea of the Enlightenment philosophy, has been more and more put to …   Wikipedia

  • Alliance for Progress — The Alliance for Progress initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America. The aid was intended to counter the perceived emerging communist threat from Cuba to U.S.… …   Wikipedia

  • The Pilgrim's Progress — For the Kula Shaker album, see Pilgrims Progress (album). The Pilgrim s Progress   …   Wikipedia

  • 1994 Progress Party national convention — 1994 Progress Party national convention …   Wikipedia

  • Personal Progress — is a goal setting and achievement program within the Young Women Organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints. This program is roughly analogous to the Scouting and Duty to God programs in which LDS young men are encouraged to… …   Wikipedia

  • Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti — The Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH) ( fr. Front pour l Avancement et le Progrès Haitien) was a paramilitary group organized in mid 1993. Its goal was to undermine support for the popular Catholic priest Jean Bertrand… …   Wikipedia

  • Economic Affairs — ▪ 2006 Introduction In 2005 rising U.S. deficits, tight monetary policies, and higher oil prices triggered by hurricane damage in the Gulf of Mexico were moderating influences on the world economy and on U.S. stock markets, but some other… …   Universalium

  • education — /ej oo kay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of… …   Universalium

  • china — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. a translucent ceramic material, biscuit fired at a high temperature, its glaze fired at a low temperature. 2. any porcelain ware. 3. plates, cups, saucers, etc., collectively. 4. figurines made of porcelain or ceramic material …   Universalium

  • China — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. People s Republic of, a country in E Asia. 1,221,591,778; 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Cap.: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast …   Universalium

  • Europe, history of — Introduction       history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… …   Universalium

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»